Quand les dignités culturelles divergent

Réalité et représentation, vérité et mensonge, tel est le quadrilatère où se sont longtemps décidé des limites de l\u27admissible en matière de sexe à l\u27écran. Mais ces limites sont précisément celles sur lesquelles ne cesse de jouer l\u27art au XXe s., notamment au cinéma où l\u27 « effet de réel » trouble les lignes. Où positionner la bibliothèque

Mutation des supports, mutation des publics. La bande dessinée de la presse au livre

En 1975, Luc Boltanski applique la théorie des champs tout juste élaborée par Pierre Bourdieu afin de décrire les mutations qui affectent le milieu de la bande dessinée. Reprenant le concept bourdieusien, Boltanski analyse la structuration d’un champ de la bande dessinée sous l’influence conjuguée d’un certain nombre de facteurs, qui renvoient pour l’essentiel à l’apparition d’une nouvelle génération d’auteurs et de lecteurs. L’allongement des études, le bouleversement des structures socio-dé..

D’un lectorat l’autre. La bande dessinee de la presse enfantine a l’album pour adultes

Na França e na porção francófona da Bélgica (Valônia), os quadrinhos são publicados precocemente sob o formato de livro. O sucesso crescente dos álbuns nos anos de 1960-1970 provoca um declínio dos quadrinhos na imprensa na década seguinte, causando uma mudança na sua publicação: do mundo da imprensa para o mundo dos livros ”“ com lógicas bastante diferentes de criação, ritmos narrativos, publicação e distribuição. Tal mudança nos suportes, que leva o álbum a suplantar o jornal, corresponde a uma transformação social do público leitor, cujo envelhecimento progressivo é notável, levando à conquista de um leitorado adulto e a uma legitimação em torno da “nona arte” por intermédio do livro. O artigo explica como a mudança nos suportes editoriais acompanha uma transformação do público leitor e das práticas de leitura

Spatial Data Infrastructure of the Plurinational State of Bolivia - A free and democratic SDI

The Vice Presidency of the State, with the help of the GeoBolivia project, is building the Spatial Data Infrastructure of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (IDEEPB by its Spanish initials). The first phase of the project has already been completed. It consisted in implementing an infrastructure and a geoportal that nowadays gives access to the reference geographic information of Bolivia, through WMS, WFS, WCS and CSW services. The project is currently in its second phase dedicated to decentralizing the structure of IDE-EPB and promoting its use throughout the Bolivian State. The whole platform uses free software and open standards. As a complement, an on-line training module was developed to undertake the transfer of the knowledge the project generated. The main software components used in the SDI are: gvSIG, QGis, uDig as GIS desktop clients; Post-GreSQL and PostGIS as geographic database management system; geOrchestra as a framework containing the GeoServer map server, the GeoNetwork catalog server and the OpenLayers and Mapfish GIS webclient; MapServer as a map server for generating OpenStreetMap tiles; Debian as operating system; Apache and Tomcat as web servers

A survey of Sparse Component Analysis for blind source separation: principles, perspectives, and new challenges

International audienceIn this survey, we highlight the appealing features and challenges of Sparse Component Analysis (SCA) for blind source separation (BSS). SCA is a simple yet powerful framework to separate several sources from few sensors, even when the independence assumption is dropped. So far, SCA has been most successfully applied when the sources can be represented sparsely in a given basis, but many other potential uses of SCA remain unexplored. Among other challenging perspectives, we discuss how SCA could be used to exploit both the spatial diversity corresponding to the mixing process and the morphological diversity between sources to unmix even underdetermined convolutive mixtures. This raises several challenges, including the design of both provably good and numerically efficient algorithms for large-scale sparse approximation with overcomplete signal dictionaries

Analyse des patrimoines de données géographiques nationaux: Comparaison de trois infrastructures nationales de données géographiques (France, Brésil, Bolivie)

International audienceDue to the dual impact of systems interoperability and changes in the legal framework, institutional spatial data tends to become more and more accessible through widespread deployment of spatial data infrastructures (SDI). Comparative analysis of the content of three national SDI (France, Bolivia, Brazil) reveals a few tendancies. This contribution's originality lies in using SDI not as an aid to research but as a true object of study. Metadata analysis of three national catalogs offers a way to reconsider the logics of both formalisation and knowledge diffusion through territories.Par le double effet de l'interopérabilité des systèmes et de l'évolution du cadre légal, les patrimoines de données géographiques institutionnelles tendent aujourd'hui à être de plus en plus facilement accessibles à travers la mise en place généralisée d'infrastructures de données géographiques (IDG). L'analyse comparée du contenu de trois IDG nationales (France, Bolivie, Brésil) permet alors de révéler quelques tendances. L'originalité de cette contribution est donc de faire des IDG non pas un support à la recherche d'information mais un véritable objet de recherche. L'analyse des métadonnées des trois catalogues nationaux nous permettra alors de réinterroger les logiques de formalisation et de diffusion des connaissances sur les territoires

Learning redundant dictionaries with translation invariance property: the MoTIF algorithm

International audienceSparse approximation using redundant dictionaries is an efficient tool for many applications in the field of signal processing. The performances largely depend on the adaptation of the dictionary to the signal to decompose. As the statistical dependencies are most of the time not obvious in natural high- dimensional data, learning fundamental patterns is an alternative to analytical design of bases and has become a field of acute research. Most of the time, the underlying patterns of a class of signals can be found at any time, and in the design of a dictionary, this translation invariance property should be present. We present a new algorithm for learning short generating functions, each of them building a set of atoms corresponding to all its translations. The resulting dictionary is highly redundant and translation invariant

IL23R (Interleukin 23 Receptor) variants protective against inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) display loss of functiondue to impaired protein stability and intracellular trafficking

Genome-wide association studies as well as murine models have shown that the interleukin 23 receptor (IL23R) pathway plays a pivotal role in chronic inflammatory diseases such as Crohn disease (CD), ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, and type 1 diabetes. Genome-wide association studies and targeted re-sequencing studies have revealed the presence of multiple potentially causal variants of the IL23R. Specifically the G149R, V362I, and R381Q IL23R chain variants are linked to protection against the development of Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis in humans. Moreover, the exact mechanism of action of these receptor variants has not been elucidated. We show that all three of these IL23R variants cause a reduction in IL23 receptor activation-mediated phosphorylation of the signaltransducing activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and phosphorylation of signal transducing activator of transcription 4 (STAT4). The reduction in signaling is due to lower levels of cell surface receptor expression. For G149R, the receptor retention in the endoplasmic reticulum is due to an impairment of receptor maturation, whereas the R381Q and V362I variants have reduced protein stability. Finally, we demonstrate that the endogenous expression of IL23R protein from V362I and R381Q variants in human lymphoblastoid cell lines exhibited lower expression levels relative to susceptibility alleles. Our results suggest a convergent cause of IL23R variant protection against chronic inflammatory disease

A transcriptome-based approach to identify functional modules within and across primary human immune cells

Genome-wide transcriptomic analyses have provided valuable insight into fundamental biology and disease pathophysiology. Many studies have taken advantage of the correlation in the expression patterns of the transcriptome to infer a potential biologic function of uncharacterized genes, and multiple groups have examined the relationship between co-expression, co-regulation, and gene function on a broader scale. Given the unique characteristics of immune cells circulating in the blood, we were interested in determining whether it was possible to identify functional co-expression modules in human immune cells. Specifically, we sequenced the transcriptome of nine immune cell types from peripheral blood cells of healthy donors and, using a combination of global and targeted analyses of genes within co-expression modules, we were able to determine functions for these modules that were cell lineagespecific or shared among multiple cell lineages. In addition, our analyses identified transcription factors likely important for immune cell lineage commitment and/or maintenance

Recombinant tandem of pore-domains in a Weakly Inward rectifying K+ channel 2 (TWIK2) forms active lysosomal channels

Recombinant TWIK2 channels produce weak basal background K+ currents. Current amplitudes depend on the animal species the channels have been isolated from and on the heterologous system used for their re-expression. Here we show that this variability is due to a unique cellular trafficking. We identified three different sequence signals responsible for the preferential expression of TWIK2 in the Lamp1-positive lysosomal compartment. Sequential inactivation of tyrosine-based (Y(308)ASIP) and di-leucine-like (E266LILL and D(282)EDDQVDIL) trafficking motifs progressively abolishes the targeting of TWIK2 to lysosomes, and promotes its functional relocation at the plasma membrane. In addition, TWIK2 contains two N-glycosylation sites (N(79)AS and N(85)AS) on its luminal side, and glycosylation is necessary for expression in lysosomes. As shown by electrophysiology and electron microscopy, TWIK2 produces functional background K+ currents in the endolysosomes, and its expression affects the number and mean size of the lysosomes. These results show that TWIK2 is expressed in lysosomes, further expanding the registry of ion channels expressed in these organelles